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umruiJ STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 




% BULLETIN No. 505 



^M^^^if#^ Contribution from the States Relations Service 

A. C. TRUE, Director 




Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER February 13, 1917 

DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 

By C. F. Langworthy, Chief, and A. D. Holmes, Scientific Assistant, Office of Home 

Economics. 



CONTENTS. 

Page. 



Introduction 1 

Experimental methods 1 



Digestion experiments— Olive oil, cottonseed 
oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, cocoa 
butter 2 

Conclusions 18 



INTRODUCTION. 



Studies of the digestibility of some common animal fats, including 
lard, beef fat, mutton fat, and butter, have been reported in a previous 
paper 1 of this series. The results of these experiments showed that 
all the animal fats investigated were satisfactorily digested and are 
suitable for use in quantity as food. 

The available supply of animal fats, however, is now little if any 

in excess of the demand, and it is likely that the supply of such fats 

for culinary purposes in the future will be even less adequate than 

at the present time. It is probable, therefore, that in the future 

greater reliance must be placed on the vegetable fats to supplement 

the available animal-fat supply. The experiments reported in this 

bulletin, showing the thoroughness of digestion of certain vegetable 

oils and indicating in a general way their suitability for food, have 

an important bearing on this question. The fats studied included 

olive oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, and cocoa 

butter. 

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. 

The digestion experiments with the vegetable fats were conducted 
by the same methods that were employed in the study of the animal 
fats, and accordingly the results are directly comparable. A basal 

i U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 310 (1915). 

Note.— This bulletin records studies of the digestibility of olive oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, coconut 
oil, sesame oil, and cocoa butter, and is primarily of interest to students and investigators of food problems. 

70069°-Buii. 505-17 — i Monograph. 



CU 



■FzLz 

2 BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 

ration (supplying a minimum of fat) composed of wheat biscuits, 
oranges, sugar, and tea, or coffee if desired, was supplemented by a 
blancmange or cornstarch pudding, in which was incorporated the 
vegetable fat under consideration. 

The test periods were of three days' or nine meals' duration, to 
agree with the experimental conditions under which the animal fats 
were studied, and the following four days formed a rest period in 
which the subjects furnished their own meals, which differed in no 
special way from an ordinary mixed diet. 

Normal young men in good health and moderately active, all of 
whom were medical or dental students, were the subjects of the diges- 
tion experiments. The prescribed routine involved regularity, espe- 
cially with respect to the time for eating, but the subjects were per- 
mitted to exercise in their customary ways and as required in the 
performance of their daily work. In most cases the subjects had 
had previous experience in similar experiments, and all of them proved 
to be careful and trustworthy assistants. 

Weighings were made of the net amounts of food eaten and feces 
excreted, and samples of both food and feces were analyzed to deter- 
mine the percentages of protein, fat, and carbohydrate which were 
actually digested. 

The experimental method followed has been reported in a previous 
bulletin of this series, 1 the analytical methods being those which are 
approved by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 2 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 

OLIVE OIL. 

Although olive oil has been known from earliest times as a food 
product, exact information regarding the proportion assimilated by 
the body is comparatively limited, its food value having been gen- 
erally discussed with respect to its theoretical energy value, its 
quality, and culinary and table uses. As regards earlier work, a 
five-day experiment with a healthy man was conducted by Berta- 
relli, 3 who tested the digestibility of a mixture of olive and colza oils 
in a basal ration of white bread and meat; the fat was 95.8 per cent 
digested. Moore 4 has reported a number of animal feeding experi- 
ments in which he found that olive oil was assimilated to the extent 
of from 96.7 to 98.7 per cent. In a comparative series of tests he 
noticed that uncooked oils in the food of guinea pigs were somewhat 
less thoroughly available than was the case when the oil was cooked 
with the food. In general all of the vegetable fats studied were 
digested to practically the same extent. 

i U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 310 (1915). 

2 U, S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chom. Bui. 107 (1912), rev. cd. 

3 Riv. Ig. e Sanit. Pub., 9 (1S9S), Nos. 14, pp. 538-545; 15, pp. 570-579. 
« Arkansas Sfa. Bui. 78 (1908), pp. 33-41. 

p. o*i). 

• FEB 19 1917 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 3 

Arnschink 1 reports an experiment of four days' duration with a 
dog of 8 kilograms body weight. Fifty grams of olive oil was consumed 
daily and 97.77 per cent digested. 

Olive oil has been studied from another viewpoint, namely, its 
ability, as compared with certain animal fats such as butter and 
cod liver oil, to maintain growth. Work along these lines has been 
reported by Osborne and Mendel 2 and McCollum and Davis, 3 who 
concluded that olive oil was not capable of stimulating or maintain- 
ing growth. 

In experiments here reported five subjects took part in the 11 diges- 
tion experiments, the results of which are given in the following 
tables : 



Data of digestion experiments with olive oil in a simple mixed diet. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 151, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing olive oil 


Grams. 

1,579.0 
633.0 
803.0 
191.0 


Grams. 

734.7 

57.0 

697.8 


Grams. 

26.7 

67.1 

6.4 


Grams. 

192.6 

9.5 

1.6 


Grams. 

618.4 

489.3 

93.2 

191.0 


Grams. 
6.6 
10.1 




4.0 
















Total food consumed 


3,206.0 
114.5 


1,489.5 


100.2 
30.6 
69.6 


203.7 

10.0 

193.7 


1,391.9 

65.4 

1,326.5 


20.7 




8.5 






12.2 
















69.5 


95.1 


95.3 


58.9 










Experiment No. 153, subject R. L. S.: 
Wheat biscuit 


1,587.0 

417.0 

810.0 

91.0 


738.4 

37.5 

703.9 


26.8 

44.2 

6.5 


193.6 

- 6.3 

1.6 


621.6 

322.3 

94.0 

91.0 


6.6 
6.7 


Fruit 


4.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,905.0 
102.5 


1,479.8 


77.5 
31.4 
46.1 


201.5 
17.2 

184.3 


1,128.9 

44.1 

1,084.8 


17.3 


Feces 


9.8 






7.5 
















59.5 


91.5 


96.1 


43.4 










Experiment No. 154, subject R. F. T.: 

Blancmange containing olive oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,865.0 

46.0 

1,283.0 

132.0 


867.8 

4.1 

1, 114. 9 


31.5 

4.9 

10.3 


227.5 

.7 

2.6 


730.4 

35.6 

148.8 

132.0 


7.8 
. 7 


Fruit 


6.4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,326.0 
69.5 


1,986.8 


46.7 
16.4 
30.3 


230.8 

14.6 

216.2 


1,046.8 

32.1 

1,014.7 


14.9 


Feces 


6.4 


Amount utilized 




8.5 










Per cent utilized 






64.9 


93.7 


96.9 


57.0 










Experiment No. 183, subject D. G. G.: 

Blancmange containing olive oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,127.0 
561.0 
775.0 
209.0 


494.0 

50.5 

673.5 


21.1 

59.5 
6.2 


138.8 
8.4 
1.5 


465.1 

433.6 

89.9 

209.0 


8.0 
9.0 


Fruit 


3.9 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,672.0 
69.0 


1,218.0 


86.8 
21.4 
65.4 


148.7 

7.5 

141.2 


1, 197. 6 

34.2 

1, 163. 4 


20.9 


Feces 


5.9 


Amount utilized 




15.0 










Per cent utilized 






75.3 


95.0 


97.1 


71.8 











i Ztschr. Biol., 26 (1890), No. 4, pp. 444, 445. 

2 Jour. Biol. Chem., 16 (1913), No. 3, pp. 423-437. 

3 Idem, 15 (1913), No. 1, pp. 167-175; 19 (1914), No. 2, pp. 245-250; 20 (1915), No. 4, pp. 641-658; 21 (1915), 
No. 1, pp. 179-182. Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 (1914), pp. 33, 34. 



4 BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Data of digestion experiments with olive oil in a simple mixed diet — Continued. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 184, subject R. L. S.: 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 
1,827.0 

314.0 
1,347.0 

122.0 


Grams. 

800.8 

28.3 

1,170.5 


Grams. 
34.1 
33.3 
10.8 


Grams. 

225.1 

4.7 

2.7 


Grams. 
754.0 
242.7 
156.3 
122.0 


Grams. 
13.0 
5.0 


Fruit 


6.7 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,610.0 
64.0 


1,999.6 


78.2 
20.3 
57.9 


232.5 

10.9 

221.6 


1,275.0 

27.2 

1,247.8 


24.7 


Feces . 


5 6 






19 1 
















74.0 


95.3 


97.9 


77.3 










Experiment No. 185, subject 0. E. S.: 
Wheat biscuit 


1,958.0 
153.0 

1,568.0 
188.0 


858.2 

13.8 

1,362.6 


36.6 
16.2 
12.6 


241.2 
2.3 
3.1 


808.1 
118.3 
181.9 
188.0 


13.9 
2.4 


Fruit 


7.8 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,867.0 
42.0 


2,234.6 


65.4 
12.6 

52.8 


246.6 

5.1 

241.5 


1,296.3 

20.5 

1,275.8 


24.1 


Feces 


3.8 






20.3 
















80.7 


97.9 


98.4 


84.2 










Experiment No. 186, subject R. F. T.: 
Wheat biscuit 


1,322.0 

91.0 

1,485.0 

183.0 


579.4 

8.2 

1,29a 5 


24.7 

9.6 

11.9 


162.9 
1.4 
3.0 


545.6 

70.3 

172.2 

183.0 


9.4 
1.5 


Fruit 


7.4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,081.0 
70.0 


1,878.1 


46.2 
17.5 

28.7 


167.3 

10.9 

156.4 


971.1 

33.6 

937.5 


18.3 


Feces 


8.0 






10.3 
















62.1 


93.5 


96.5 


56.3 










Experiment No. 243, subject D. G. G.: 

Blancmange containing olive oil 

Wheat biscuit 


2,321.0 
500.0 

1,202.0 
120.0 


985.0 

45.0 

1,044.6 


43.6 

53.0 

9.6 


266.5 
7.5 
2.4 


1,014.3 
386.5 
139.4 
120.0 


11.6 
8 O 


Fruit 


6. a 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4,143.0 
131.0 


2,074.6 


106.2 
37.3 
68.9 


276.4 

12.7 

263.7 


1,660.2 
71.5 

1,588.7 


25.6 


Feces 


9.5 






16.1 
















64.9 


95.4 


95.7 


62.9 










Experiment No. 244, subject R. L. S.: 
Wheat biscuit 


2,143.0 

437.0 

546.0 

85.0 


909.5 

39.3 

474.5 


40.3 

46.3 

4.4 


246.0 
6.6 
1.1 


936.5 

337.8 

63.3 

85.0 


10.7 
7.0 


Fruit 


2.7 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,211.0 
84.0 


1,423.3 


91.0 
24.7 
66.3 


253.7 

11.2 

242.5 


1,422.6 

41.8 

1,380.8 


20.4 


Feces 


6.3 


Amount utilized 




14.1 










Per cent utilized 






72.9 


95.6 


97.1 


69.1 










Experiment No. 245, subject 0. E. S.: 
Wheat biscuit 


2,690.0 
497.0 

1,228.0 
177.0 


1,141.6 

44.7 
1,067.1 


50.6 

52.7 

9.8 


308.8 
7.5 
2.5 


1,175.6 
384.2 
142.5 
177.0 


13.4 
7.9 


Fruit 


6.1 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4,592.0 
126.0 


2,253.4 


113.1 
33.4 
79.7 


318.8 

17.8 

301.0 


1,879.3 

66.7 

1,812.6 


27.4 


Feces 


8.1 


Amount utilized 




19.3 










Per cent utilized 




70.5 


94.4 


96.5 


70.4 








Average food consumed per subject per day 


1,153.8 


601.3 


27.0 


76.0 


442.3 


7.2 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 5 

Summary of digestion experiments with olive oil in a simple mixed diet. 



Experi- 
ment No. 


Subject. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


151 


D G G 


Per cent. 
69.5 
59.5 
64.9 
75.3 
74.0 
80.7 
62.1 
64.9 
72.9 
70.5 


Per cent. 
95.1 
91.5 
93.7 
95.0 
95.3 
97.9 
93.5 
95.4 
95.6 
94.4 


Per cent. 
95.3 
96.1 
96.9 
97.1 
97.9 
98.4 
96.5 
95.7 
97.1 
96.5 


Per cent. 
58.9 


153 

154 


R L. S --- 


43.4 


R F. T 


57.0 


183 


D. G. G 


71.8 


184 

185 


R. L. S 

O E. S 


77.3 

84.2 


186 


R. F. T 


56.3 


243 


D G. G 


62.9 


244 

245 


R. L. S 

0. E. S 


69.1 
70.4 










69.4 


94.7 


96.8 


65.1 









The average coefficient of digestibility of all the fat eaten during 
these tests was 94.7. As the ether extract of the feces, however, is 
known to contain metabolic products, a correction has been applied to 
all of the value for the average availability of total fat consumed. 
Digestion experiments with the basal ration alone as the only source 
of fat have been reported in connection with the animal-fat experi- 
ments, from which it was concluded that 9.89 per cent of the total 
weight of water-free feces occurs as metabolic products. 1 Subtracting 
the quantity represented by this percentage from the total ether 
extract of the feces, a value is obtained more nearly representing the 
weight of unutilized fat. The corrected value for the availability of 
olive oil then becomes 97.8 per cent. 

The five subjects reported that they remained in normal physical 
condition during the experimental periods. In experiment No. 185, 
in which 80 grams of olive oil was eaten per day, the subject O. E. S. 
reported that the diet had a constipating effect. In experiments 
Nos. 243, 244, and 245, in which 82, 89, and 103 grams of olive oil 
were consumed, the subjects reported that the diet produced a pro- 
nounced laxative effect. However, in the experiments in which 
the laxative effect was noted; the olive oil was as completely assimi- 
lated as in the remaining experiments, and the tests as a whole yield 
additional evidence that, used in the usual ways for cooking and on the 
table, olive oil is a wholesome, valuable food. 



COTTONSEED OIL. 



Kenned cottonseed oil is a common food product used as such in 
large quantities for culinary and table purposes, and also in the manu- 
facture of hardened fats and other commercial fats designed for use in 
cookery. 

Very few results have been found on record which concern the 
digestibility of cottonseed oil by the human organism, though animal 
feeding experiments have been rather common. Moore 2 has reported 



i U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 310 (1915), p. 20. 



2 Loc. cit. 



6 



BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



experiments intended to compare the digestibilities of several of the 
more common vegetable fats, concluding that all vegetable fats are 
equally well digested. 

The experiments made at this time coneern only the actual per- 
centage of fat available to the body, though it might be possible at 
the same time to notice approximately how much of the oil can be 
used without producing a laxative effect or other physiological dis- 
turbances. Six subjects assisted in the work, and the same methods 
were used which hitherto have proved entirely satisfactory. The 
data describing the results of the 12 test periods are as follows: 

Data of digestion experiments with cottonseed oil in a simple mixed diet. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 139, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

1,915.0 

722.0 

1,351.0 

66.0 


Grams. 

913.4 

65.0 

1,174.0 


Grams. 
32.6 
76.5 
10.8 


Grams. 

264.3 

10.8 

2.7 


Grams. 

697.1 

558.1 

156.7 

66.0 


Grams. 
7.6 
11 6 


Fruit 


6 8 
















Total food consumed 


4,054.0 
102.0 


2,152.4 


119.9 
27.5 
92.4 


277.8 

11.7 

266.1 


1,477.9 

53.6 

1,424.3 


26 


Feces 


9 2 


Amount utilized 




16 8 










Per cent utilized 






77.0 


95.8 


96.4 


64 6 










Experiment No. 140, subject H. D. G.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 


1,148.0 

598.0 

1,274.0 

96.0 


547.6 

53.8 

1,107.1 


19.5 
63.4 
10.2 


158.4 
9.0 
2.5 


417.9 

462.2 

147.8 

96.0 


4.6 
9 6 


Fruit 


6 4 
















Total food consumed 


3,116.0 
100.5 


1,708.5 


93.1 
26.7 
66.4 


169.9 

10.4 

159.5 


1,123.9 

53.3 

1,070.6 


20 6 


Feces 


10 1 


Amount utilized 




10 5 










Per cent utilized 






71.3 


93.9 


95.3 


51 










Experiment No. 141, subject R. L. S.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,495.0 
444.0 

1,246.0 
119.0 


713.1 

40.0 

1,082.8 


25.4 
47.1 
10.0 


206.3 
6.6 
2.5 


544.2 
343.2 
144.5 
119.0 


6.0 
7 1 


Fruit 


6 2 
















Total food consumed 


3,304.0 
87.0 


1,835.9 


82.5 
28.0 
54.5 


215.4 

18.1 

197.3 


1,150.9 

31.3 

1,119.6 


19 3 


Feces 


9 6 


Amount utilized 




9 7 










Per cent utilized 






66.1 


91.6 


97.3 


50 3 










Experiment No. 142, subject R. F. T: 

Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,099.0 

110.0 

1,304.0 

85.0 


1,001.2 

9.9 

1,133.2 


35.7 
11.7 
10.4 


289.7 
1.6 
2.6 


764.0 
85.0 

151.3 
85.0 


8.4 
1 8 


Fruit 


6.5 
















Total food consumed 


3,598.0 
72.5 


2,144.3 


57.8 
16.9 
40.9 


293.9 

12.3 

281.6 


1,0S5.3 

37.0 

1,048.3 


16 7 


Feces 


6.3 


Amount utilized 




10.4 










Per cent utilized 






70.8 


95.8 


96.6 


62.3 










Experiment No. 143, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,632.0 
913.0 
957.0 
163.0 


768.8 

82.2 

831.6 


32.2 
96.8 

7.7 


220.8 

13.7 

1.9 


603.2 
705.7 
111.0 
163.0 


7.0 
14.6 


Fruit 


4.8 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,665.0 
131.3 


1,682.6 


136.7 

32.2 

104.5 


236. 4 

11.5 

224.9 


1,582.9 

76.5 

1,506.4 


26.4 


Feces 


11.1 


Amount utilized . 




15.3 










Per cent utilized 






76.4 


95.1 


95.2 


58.0 











DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 7 

Data of digestion experiments with cottonseed oil in a simple mixed diet — Continued. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 144, subject H. D . G.: 

Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 


Grams. 
1,241.0 

775.0 
1,118.0 

178.0 


Grams. 

584.6 

69.8 

971.5 


Grams. 

24.5 

82.1 

9.0 


Grams. 

167.9 

11.6 

2.2 


Grams. 
458.7 
599.1 
129.7 
178.0 


Grams. 
5.3 
12.4 


Fruit 


5.6 
















Total food consumed 


3,312.0 
121.5 


1,625.9 


115.6 
37.8 
77.8 


181.7 

11.4 

170.3 


1,365.5 

60.4 

1,305.1 


23.3 




11.9 






11.4 
















67.3 


93.7 


95.6 


48.9 










Experiment No. 145, subject R. L. S.: j 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,497.0 

359. 

1,266.0 

76.0 


705.3 

32.3 

1,100.2 


29.5 
38.1 
10.1 


202.5 
5.4 
2.5 


553.3 

277.5 

146.9 

76.0 


6.4 
5.7 


Fruit 


6.3 
















Total food consumed 


3,198.0 
91.9 


1,837.8 


77.7 
25.7 
52.0 


210.4 

14.0 

196.4 


1,053.7 

43.5 

1,010.2 


18.4 


Feces 


8.7 






9.7 
















66.9 


93.3 


95.9 


52.7 










Experiment No. 146, subject R. F. T.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,112.0 
114.0 

1,178.0 
102.0 


995.0 

10.3 

1,023.7 


41.6 

12.1 

9.4 


285.7 
1.7 
2.4 


780.6 

88.1 

136.6 

102.0 


9.1 
1.8 


Fruit 


5.9 
















Total food consumed 


3,506.0 
50.8 


2,029.0 


63.1 
11.0 
52.1 


289.8 

9.1 

280.7 


1,107.3 

26.8 

1,080.5 


16.8 




3.9 






12.9 
















82.6 


96.9 


97.6 


76.8 










Experiment No. 246, subject H. F. B.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,602.0 
721.0 

1,750.0 
209.0 


1,082.5 

64.9 

1,520.8 


47.5 
76.4 
14.0 


359.3 

10.8 

3.5 


1,097.1 
557.3 
203.0 
209.0 


15.6 
11.6 


Fruit 


8.7 
















Total food consumed 


5, 282. 
165.0 


2,668.2 


137.9 
40.5 
97.4 


373.6 

21.2 

352.4 


2,066.4 

89.4 

1,977.0 


35.9 


Feces 


13.9 






22.0 














70.6 


94.3 


95.7 


61.3 










Experiment No. 247, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,162.0 
317.0 

1,657.0 
169.0 


899.3 

28.5 

1,439.9 


39.5 
33.6 
13.3 


298.6 
4.8 
3.3 


911.6 

245.0 
192.2 
169.0 


13.0 
5.1 


Fruit 


8.3 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4,305.0 
111.0 


2,367.7 


86.4 
52.8 
33.6 


306.7 

11.0 

295.7 


1,517.8 

38.8 

1,479.0 


26.4 


Feces . 


8.4 






1S.0 




i 






i 


38.9 


96.4 


97.4 


68.2 








Experiment No. 248, subject R. L. S.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,005.0 

366.0 

1,229.0 

89.0 


834.1 

32.9 

1,068.0 


36.6 

38.8 
9.8 


276.9 
5.5 
2.5 


845.4 

282.9 

142.6 

89.0 


12.0 
5.9 


Fruit 


6.1 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,689.0 
78.0 


1,935.0 


85.2 
37.0 
48.2 


284.9 

13.4 

271.5 


1,359.9 

20.2 

1,339.7 


24.0 


Feces 


7.4 







16.6 










1 


56.6 


95.3 


98.5 


69.2 








Experiment No. 249, subject 0. E. S.: 
Blancmange containing cottonseed oil. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,725.0 
433.0 

1,745.0 
181.0 


1,133.6 

39.0 

1,516.4 


49.7 
45.9 
14.0 


376.3 
6.5 
3.5 


1,149.0 
334.7 
202.4 
181.0 


16.4 
6.9 


Fruit 


8.7 
















Total food consumed 


5,084.0 
106.0 


1 2,689.0 


109.6 
34.2 
75.4 


386.3 

12.1 

374.2 


1,867.1 
51.6 

1,815.5 


32.0 


Feces 


8.1 







23.9 






68.8 


96.9 


97.2 


74.7 


Average food consumed per subject per 


1,280.9 


685.5 


32.4 


89.6 


465.5 


7.9 







8 BULLETIN 505, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Summary of digestion experiments with cottonseed oil in a simple mixed diet. 



Experi- 
ment No. 



139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
246 
247 
24S 
249 



Subject. 



D.G. G 

H. D. G 

R.L.S 

R. F. T 

D. G.G 

H. D. G 

R. L. S 

R.F.T 

H.F. B 

D.G.G 

R. L. S 

O.E.S 

Average 



Protein. 



Per cent. 
77.0 
71.3 
66.1 
70.8 
76.4 
67.3 
66.9 
82.6 
70.6 
38.9 
56.6 
68.8 



67.8 



Tat. 



Per cent. 
95.8 
93.9 
91.6 
95.8 
95.1 
93.7 
93.3 
96.9 
94.3 
96.4 
95.3 
96.9 



94.9 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Per cent. 
96.4 
95.3 
97.3 
96.6 
95.2 
95.6 
95.9 
97.6 
95.7 
97.4 
98.5 
97.2 



Ash. 



Per 



a nt. 
64.6 
51.0 
50.3 
62.3 
5S.0 
48.9 
52. 7 
76.8 
61.3 
68.2 
69.2 
74.7 



96.6 



61.5 



The average coefficient of digestibility of the fat, of which over 
96.3 per cent was cottonseed oil, was 94.9 per cent, while 67.8 per cent 
of the protein and 96.6 per cent of the carbohydrates were retained 
in the body. Making allowance for that portion of the ether extract 
designated metabolic products the actual availability of the cotton- 
seed oil becomes 97.6 per cent. In 9 of the 12 experiments the sub- 
jects reported that the feces were of a normal consistency. In experi- 
ments Nos. 142 and 247, in which 94 and 98 grams of cottonseed oil 
was consumed, the subjects reported that the feces were softer than 
normal. In experiment No. 249, however, in which 125 grams of 
cottonseed oil was eaten daily, the subject reported the diet as being 
constipating. Accordingly, it would seem that cottonseed oil does 
not act as a laxative when eaten in amounts not exceeding 125 grams 
daily. In view of the fact that 86 grams of cottonseed oil was eaten 
by each subject daily without digestive disturbances of any kind it 
is reasonable to conclude that cottonseed oil may be used freely for 
culinary or table purposes. 

PEANUT OIL. 

The total quantity of peanuts eaten is very large and it follows 
that the amount of oil eaten as an integral part of the nuts is also 
large. The partially separated oil as it occurs in peanut butter is 
easily recognized, and this, too, is eaten in quantity. The expressed 
oil has long been known for culinary and table purposes, and its use 
has increased in the United States as the methods of manufacture 
have improved. 

The only investigations of the food value of peanut oil of which 
accounts have been found in the literature are those of Moore l on 
the relative digestibility of various edible fats and oils of vegetable 
origin, which showed that peanut oil was 86 per cent digested by 
guinea pigs. 

Part of the oil used in the experiments reported in this bulletin 
was prepared by the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, and the remainder was purchased in the 
open market. That obtained from the Bureau of Chemistry was 



i Loc. cit. 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 



9 



manufactured in its laboratories, and being freshly made was judged 
to be of most excellent quality. The commercial samples were much 
older, but were considered excellent in odor, flavor, and color. There 
was no apparent difference in the flavor of the two samples, which 
would seem to indicate that peanut oil which has been carefully han- 
dled has good keeping qualities, and as no noteworthy differences in 
properties appeared in the digestion experiments no further reference 
will be made to the source of the oil used. 

Four different subjects assisted in the study of this fat, and the 
usual uniform and standardized conditions of conducting the work 
were maintained throughout the experiments. The results of the 
five tests are as follows: 



Data of digestion experiments with 


peanut oil in a simple mixed diet. 






Weight. 


I Water. 

i 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 30, subject J. N. F.: 

Blancmange containing peanut oil.. . . . 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

1,918.0 

241.0 

1,002.0 

52.0 


i 
Grams. 
1,037.0 
21.7 

847.7 


Grams. 

47.8 

25.5 

4.0 


Grams. 

340.6 

3.6 

5.0 


Grams. 

481.2 

186.3 

142.3 

52.0 


Grams. 
11.4 
3.9 
3.0 


Fruit 














Total food consumed 


3,213.0 
68.0 


1,906.4 


77.3 
23.8 
53.5 


349.2 

8.8 

340.4 


861.8 

27.2 

834.6 


18.3 

8.2 

10.1 


Feces 


Amount utilized 






! 


Per cent utilized 


! 


69.2 


97.5 


98.8 


55.2 






Experiment No. 31, subject A\ . E. L.: 

Blancmange containing peanut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1, 476. 

26.0 

1,000.0 

143.0 


797.0 

2.3 

846.0 


36.9 
2.8 

4.0 


262. 5 
0.4 
5.0 


370.9 

20.1 

142.0 

143.0 


8.7 
0.4 
3.0 


Fruit 


Sugar 












Total food consumed 


2,645.0 
32.0 


1,645.3 


43.7 
11.4 
32.3 


267.9 

6.4 

261.5 


676.0 

10.5 

665.5 


12 1 


Feces 


3.7 
8 4 


Amount utilized 












Per cent utilized 






73.9 


97.6 


98.4 


69 4 








Experiment No. 32, subject "W . A. D.: 
Blancmange containing peanut oil . . 
Wheat biscuit 


1,883.0 

442.0 

819.0 

68.0 


1,022.4 

39.8 

692.9 


47.2 

46.8 

3.3 


332.6 
6.6 
4.1 


469.7 

341.7 

116.3 

68.0 


11.1 
7 1 


Fruit 


2 4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,212.0 
78.0 


1, 755. 1 


97.3 
18.1 
79.2 


343.3 

13.4 

329.9 


995.7 

36.7 

959.0 


20 6 


Feces 


9 8 


Amount utilized 




10.8 










Per cent utilized 






81.4 


96.1 


90.3 


52.4 




, 






Experiment No. 36, subject J. N. F.: 
Blancmange containing peanut oil 
Wheat biscuit 


1, 787. 

224.0 

1,521.0 

40.0 


1,059.3 

20.2 

1,321.8 


43.4 
23.7 
12.2 


275.8 
3.4 
3.0 


397.2 

173.1 

176.4 

40.0 


11.3 
3.6 


Fruit 


7.6 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3, 572. 
78.0 


2,401.3 


79.3 
18.1 
61.2 


282.2 

17.7 

264.5 


786.7 

31.5 

755. 2 


22.5 


Feces 


10.7 


Amount utilized 




11.8 










Per cent utilized 






77.2 


93.7 


96.0 


52.4 










Experiment No. 37, subject J. V. C: 
Blancmange containing peanut oil 
Wheat biscuit 


1,704.0 
291.0 

1,442.0 
231.0 


1,010.7 

26.2 

1,253.1 


41.6 
30.8 
11.5 


262.9 
4.4 
2.9 


377.8 
224.9 
167.3 
231.0 


11.0 
4.7 


Fruit 


7.2 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,668.0 
78.0 


2,290.0 


83.9 
20.0 
63.9 


270.2 

12.7 

257.5 


1,001.0 
32.6 

968.4 

[ 


22.9 


Feces 


12.7 


Amount utilized 




10.2 








Per cent utilized 




76.2 


95.3 


96.7 


44.5 










Average food consumed per subject per day. 


1,087.3 


666.5 


25.4 


100.9 


288.1 


6.4 



70069°— Bull. 505—17- 



10 BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Summary oj digestion experiments with peanut oil in a simple mixed diet. 



Experi- 
ment No. 


Subject. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


30 


J. N.F 


Per cent. 
69.2 
73.9 
81.4 
77.2 
76.2 


Per cent. 
97.5 
97.6 
96.1 
93.7 
95. 3 


Per cent. 
96.8 
98.4 
96.3 
96.0 
96.7 


Percent. 

55. 2 


31 


W. E. L 


69.4 


32 


W. A. D 


52.4 


36 


J. N. F 


52.4 


37 


J. V. C 


44. 5 




Average 








75.6 " 9fi-0 


96.8 


54.8 













Approximately 98 grams of peanut oil or 97 per cent of the total 
amount of fat in this diet was eaten per subject per day, and as the 
coefficient of availability, 96 per cent, implies, the fat was very com- 
pletely assimilated. This value is increased somewhat by correct- 
ing for metabolic products, from which it is calculated that peanut 
oil is 98.3 per cent digested. 

The protein and carbohydrate in the ration were also well utilized, 
for by way of comparison it has been found that in the total food of 
the ordinary mixed diet 92 per cent of the protein, 95 per cent of the 
fat, and 97 per cent of the carbohydrate are retained by the body. 1 

As the subjects reported no unusual effects as a result of eating 
this diet, and as no laxative effect was observed, it is apparent that 
peanut oil of good quality is a useful food, which can be eaten in 
the same quantities and can be as thoroughly digested as those fats 
and oils at present most commonly used in the diet. 

COCONUT OIL. 

Coconut oil is obtained from the fruit of the palm Oocos nucifera. 
In recent years it has become rather widely known and is assuming 
considerable importance as a culinary and table fat. It is used in 
the commercial baking trade more commonly than it is for household 
purposes and to some extent in the preparation of butter substitutes. 

The digestibility of coconut oil has not been extensively studied. 
Bourot and Jean 2 carried on a series of experiments with subjects 
who received foods prepared first with natural butter and then with 
coconut butter. They concluded that the vegetable product was 
somewhat more thoroughly assimilated than was butter, the former 
being 98 per cent and the latter 96 per cent digested. 

In a series of tests of 28 days' duration, divided into a fore period 
of 7 days, a 14-day experimental period, and an after period of 7 days, 
Von Gerlach 3 found that purified coconut oil, called "sanella," and 
true butter were both 97 per cent digested. 

Luhrig 4 reports a similar study in which different amounts of 
so-called coconut butter designed for use as a butter substitute were 

1 Connecticut Storr's Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 245. 

* Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 123 (1S96), No. 16, pp. 587-590. 
■■ Ztschr. Phys. u. DJ&tet. Ther., 12 (1908-9), No. 2, pp. 102-110. 

* Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 2 (1899), No. 8, pp. 622-632. 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE EATS. 



11 



eaten in a simple mixed diet. In one of the tests 136 grams of the 
fat was consumed daily for three days, and in the second 90 grams 
per day for the same length of time. In the first test the fat was 97 
per cent available and in the second, 96 per cent was assimilated. 

Seven experiments are reported in this paper to compare the 
digestibility of coconut oil with that of other edible fats, and four 
experienced subjects assisted in the work. Under conditions custom- 
ary in these tests, the data have been collected and are summarized 
in the following tables : 

Data of digestion experiments with coconut oil in a simple mixed diet. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 175, subject D. G. G.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

1,057.0 
656.0 
660.0 
125.0 


Grams. 

498.6 

59.1 

573. 5 


Grams. 

19.8 

69.5 

5.3 


Grams. 

108.9 

9.8 

1.3 


Grams. 

424.1 

507.1 

76.6 

125.0 


Grams. 
5.6 
10.5 


Fruit 


3.3 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,498.0 
98.0 


1,131.2 


94.6 
28.4 
66.2 


120.0 

8.5 

111.5 


1,132.8 

52.4 

1,080.4 


19.4 


Feces 


8.7 


Amount utilized 




10.7 










Per cent utilized 






70.0 


92.9 


95. 4 


55.2 










Experiment No. 176, subject R. L. S.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,518.0 

293.0 

1,335.0 

127.0 


716.0 

26.4 
1,160.1 


28.5 
31.0 
10.7 


156.4 
4.4 
2.7 


609.1 
226. 5 
154.8 
127.0 


8.0 
4.7 


Fruit 


6.7 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,273.0 
79.0 


1,902.5 


70.2 
26.3 
43.9 


163.5 

13.5 

150.0 


1,117.4 

30.5 

1,086.9 


19.4 


Feces 


8.7 


Amount utilized 




10.7 










Per cent utilized 






62.5 


91.7 


97.3 


55.2 










Experiment No. 177, subject 0. E. S.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,741.0 
98.0 

1,398.0 
37.0 


821.2 

8.8 

1,214.9 


32.7 
10.4 
11.2 


179.3 
1.5 

2.8 


698.6 
75.7 

162.1 
37.0 


9.2 
1.6 


Fruit 


7.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3, 274. 
77.0 


2,044.9 


54.3 
25.0 
29.3 


183.6 

8.3 

175.3 


973.4 

36.6 

938.8 


17.8 


Feces 


7.1 


Amount utilized 




10.7 










Per cent utilized 






54.0 


95.5 


96.2 


60.1 










Experiment No. 178, subject R. F. T.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,460.0 

74.0 

1,317.0 

139.0 


688.7 

6.7 

1,144.5 


27.4 

7.8 

10.5 


150.4 
1.1 
2.6 


585.8 

57.2 

152.8 

139.0 


7.7 
1.2 


Fruit 


6.6 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2.990.0 
52.0 


1,839.9 


45.7 
13.8 
31.9 


154.1 

7.7 

146.4 


934. 8 

24.8 

910.0 


15.5 


Feces 


5.7 


Amount utilized 




9.8 










Per cent utilized 






69.8 


95.0 


97.3 


63.2 










Experiment No. 199, subject D. G. G.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


863.0 
525.0 
396.0 
162.0 


398.9 

47.2 

344.1 


16.7 

55.7 

3.2 


90.9 
7.9 
0.8 


350.2 

405.8 

45.9 

162.0 


6.3 

8.4 


Fruit 


2.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


1,946.0 
94.0 


790.2 


75.6 

28.8 
46.8 


99.6 
11.9 

87.7 


963.9 

44.8 

919.1 


16.7 


Feces 


8.5 


Amount utilized 




8.2 










Per cent utilized 






61.9 


88.1 


95.4 


49.1 











12 BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Data of digestion experiments with coconut oil in a simple mixed diet — Continued. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 200, subject R. L. S.: 
Blancmange containing coconut oil — 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

1, 537. 
366.0 
401.0 
155.0 


Grams. 

710.4 

32.9 

348.5 


Grams. 

29.8 

38.8 

3.2 


Grams. 

161.9 

5.5 

0.8 


Grams. 

623.7 

282. 9 

46.5 

155. 


Grams. 
11.2 
5.9 


Fruit 


2.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,459.0 
103.0 


1,091.8 


71.8 
33.4 
38.4 


168.2 

15.8 

152.4 


1,108.1 

42.2 

1,065.9 


19.1 


Feces 


11.6 


Amount utilized 














Per cent utilized 






53.5 


90.6 


96.2 


39.3 










Experiment No. 201, subject 0. E. S.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,841.0 
186.0 

1,713.0 
166.0 


850.9 

16.7 

1,488.6 


35.7 
19.7 
13.7 


193.9 

2.8 
3.4 


747.1 
143.8 
198.7 
166.0 


13.4 
3.0 


Fruit 


8.6 


Sugar 














Totalfood consumed 


3,906.0 
94.0 


2,356.2 


69.1 
29.7 
39.4 


200.1 

11.8 

188.3 


1,255.6 

43.1 

1,212.5 


25. 


Feces 


9.4 


Amount utilized 




15. 6 










Per cent utilized 






57.0 


94.1 


96.6 


62.4 










Experiment No. 202, subject R. F. T.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1, 247. 

62.0 

1,412.0 

112.0 


576.4 

5.6 

1,227.0 


24.2 

6.6 

11.3 


131.3 
0.9 
2.8 


506.0 

47.9 

163.8 

112.0 


9.1 
1.0 


Fruit 


7.1 
















Total food consumed 


2,833.0 
37.0 


1,809.0 


42.1 
10.5 
31.6 


135. 

6.1 

128.9 


829.7 

16.2 

813. 5 


17.2 


Feces 


4.2 


Amount utilized 




13.0 










Per cent utilized 






75.1 


95.5 


98.0 


75. 6 










Experiment No. 222, subject D. G. G.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,625.0 
490.0 
965.0 
210.0 


744.2 

44.1 

838.6 


30.5 
51.9 

7.7 


238. 7 
7.4 
1.9 


600.2 
378.8 
112.0 
210.0 


11.4 

7.8 


Fruit 


4.8 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3, 290. 
84.0 


1,626.9 


90.1 
25.8 
64.3 


248.0 

9.5 

238.5 


1,301.0 

41.3 

1,259.7 


24.0 


Feces 


7.4 


Amount utilized 




16.6 










Per cent utilized 






71.4 


96.2 


96.8 


69.2 










Experiment No. 223, subject R. L. S.'. 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,847.0 

290.0 

1,065.0 

96.0 


845.9 

26.1 

925.5 


34.7 
30.7 

8.5 


271.3 

4.4 
2.1 


682.2 

224.2 

123.6 

96.0 


12.9 

4.6 


Fruit 


5.3 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3, 298. 
93.0 


1,797.5 


73.9 
29.0 
44.9 


277.8 

17.5 

260.3 


1,126.0 

36.7 

1,089.3 


22.8 


Feces 


9.8 


Amount utilized 




13.0 










Per cent utilized 






60.8 


93.7 


96.7 


57.0 










Experiment No. 224, subject 0. E. S.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


2,678.0 
263.0 

1,449.0 
196.0 


1,226.5 

23.7 

1,259.2 


50.2 
27.9 
11.6 


393.4 
3.9 
2.9 


989.1 
203. 3 
168.1 
196.0 


18.8 
4.2 


Fruit 


7.2 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4,586.0 
96.0 


2,509.4 


89.7 
26.9 
62.8 


400.2 

14.9 

385. 3 


1,556.5 

46.6 
1,509.9 


30.2 


Feces 


7.6 


Amount utilized 




22.6 










Per cent utilized 






70.0 


96.3 


97.0 


74.8 










Experiment No. 225, subject R. F. T.: 

Blancmange containing coconut oil 

Wheat biscuit 


1,696.0 
221.0 

1,317.0 
130.0 


776.8 

19.9 

1,144.5 


31.8 
23.4 
10.5 


249. 1 
3.3 
2.6 


626.4 
170. S 
152. S 
130.0 


11.9 
3.6 


Fruit 


(i. i> 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,364.0 
78.0 


1,941.2 


65.7 
20.8 
44.9 


255. 

18.7 

236.3 


1,080.0 

29.5 

1,050.5 


22.1 


Feces 


9.0 


Amount utilized 




13.1 










Per cent utilized 






68. 3 


92.7 


97.3 


59.3 










Average food consumed per subject per day 


1,047.7 


578.9 


23.4 


66.8 


371.7 


6.9 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 13 

Summary of digestion experiments with coconut oil in a simple mixed diet. 



Experi- 
ment 
No. 


Subject. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


175 


D. G. G 


Per cent. 
70.0 
62.5 
54.0 
69.8 
61.9 
53.5 
57.0 
75.1 
71.4 
60.8 
70.0 
68.3 


Per cent. 
92.9 
91.7 
95.5 
95.0 
88.1 
90.6 
94.1 
95.5 
96.2 
93.7 
96.3 
92.7 


Per cent. 
95.4 
97.3 
96.2 
97.3 
95.4 
96.2 
96.6 
98.0 
96.8 
96.7 
97.0 
97.3 


Per cent. 
55.2 


176 

177 


R. L. S 

O.E.S 


55.2 
60.1 


178... 


R. F. T 


63.2 


199 


D. G. G 


49.1 


200 

201 


R. L. S 

O.E.S 


39.3 
62.4 


202 


R. F.T 


75.6 


222 


D. G.G 


69.2 


223 

224 

225 


R. L. S 

R. F. T 


57.0 
74.8 
59.3 




Average 






64.5 


93.5 


96.7 


60.0 









On an average 64.6 grams of coconut oil was eaten daily and was 
well digested by the four subjects in these experiments, the average 
coefficient of digestibility being 93.5 per cent. The coefficient of 
availability is increased to 97.9 per cent by correcting for the meta- 
bolic products occurring in conjunction with the unutilized fat in the 
ether extract of the feces. In experiment No. 224, with subject 
O. E. S., a relatively large amount of the fat, 131 grams per day, was 
even more completely assimilated and, as evidenced by the report, 
produced no abnormal alimentary symptoms. In fact, no one of the 
subjects reported any laxative condition. 

The protein and carbohydrates were 64.5 per cent and 96.7 per 
cent available to the body, values which compare favorably with the 
thoroughness of digestion of these constituents usually found in 
similar tests. It may be reasonably concluded on the basis of these 
results that coconut oil is suited to serve satisfactorily for food 
purposes. 

SESAME OIL. 

The seeds of the sesame plant (Sesamum indicum) yield when sub- 
jected to pressure an oil very similar in properties to cottonseed oil. 
Sesame oil is not produced in the United States for culinary purposes, 
although it is well known elsewhere and is imported to some extent 
for use by those who have become accustomed to its use in other 
countries. 

Although tests of its digestibility have not been found on record, 
it is evident from a knowledge of oriental food habits and diets that 
sesame oil is well known as a useful food in the far eastern countries. 
The experiments herein reported were undertaken in order that the 
comparative results obtained with the vegetable fats might be as 
comprehensive as possible. The same methods were employed in 
these tests as with the other fats, and four subjects took part in the 
work. The experimental data are recorded below: 



14 



BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Data of digestion experiments with sesame oil in a simple mixed diet. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 325, subject 0. E. S.: 

Blancmange containing sesame oil 

Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

2. 052. 

' 394. 

1,376.0 

- 141. 


Grams. 

1,000.1 

35.4 

1,195.7 


Grams. 
44.9 
41.8 
11.0 


Grams. 

245.4 

5.9 

2.8 


Grams. 
752.1 
304.6 
159. 6 
141.0 


Grams. 
9.5 
6.3 


Fruit 


6.9 


Sugar 












Total food consumed 


3,963.0 
88.0 


2,231.2 


97.7 
30.9 
66.8 


254.1 

12.0 

242.1 


1,357.3 

36.4 

1,320.9 


22.7 


Feces 


8 7 


Amount utilized 




14.0 










Per cent untilized 






68.4 


95.3 


97.3 


61. 7 










Experiment No. 330, subject H. F. B.: 
Blancmange containing sesame oil 
Wheat biscuit 


2, 146. 
435. 

1,046.0 
224.0 


975.6 

39.1 

909.0 


44.2 

46.1 

8.4 


299.1 
6.5 
2.1 


818. 3 
336. 3 
121.3 
224.0 


8.8 
7.0 


Fruit 


5.2 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,851.0 
131.0 


1,923.7 


98.7 
43.9 
54.8 


307.7 

21.6 

286.1 


1,499.9 

53. 2 

1,446.7 


21.0 


Feces 


12.3 


Amount utilized 




8.7 










Per cent utilized 






55.5 


93.0 


96.5 


41.4 










Experiment No. 331, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing sesame oil. - ' - . 
Wheat biscuit 


1,409.0 
594.0 
489.0 
136.0 


640.5 

53.4 

424.9 


29.0 

63.0 

3.9 


196.4 
8.9 
1.0 


537.3 

459.2 

56.7 

136.0 


5.8 
9.5 


Fruit 


2.5 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2, 628. 
134.0 


1,118.8 


95.9 
41.6 
54.3 


206.3 

16.2 

190.1 


1,189.2 

65.7 

1,123.5 


17.8 


Feces 


10.5 


Amount utilized 




7.3 










Per cent utilized 






56.6 


92.1 


94.5 


41.0 










Experiment No. 332, subject R. L. S.: 

Blancmange containing sesame oil 

Wheat biscuit 


2,028.0 
382.0 
601.0 
122.0 


921.9 

34.4 

522.3 


41.8 

40.5 

4.8 


282.7 
5.7 
1.2 


773.3 

295. 3 

69.7 

122.0 


8.3 
6.1 


Fruit 


3.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,133.0 
95.0 


1,478.6 


87.1 
32.7 
54.4 


289. 6 

16.5 

273.1 


1,260.3 

36.5 

1,223.8 


17.4 


Feces 


9.3 


Amount utilized 




8.1 










Per cent utilized 






62.5 


94.3 


97.1 


46.6 










Experiment No. 333, subject 0. E. S.: 
Blancmange containing sesame oil .... 
Wheat biscuit 


2, 291. 
411.0 

1,274.0 
320.0 


1,041.5 

37.0 

1,107.1 


47.2 
43.6 
10.2 


319.4 
6.1 
2.5 


873.5 
317.7 
147.8 
320.0 


9.4 
6.6 


Fruit 


6.4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4, 296. 
117.0 


2,185.6 


101.0 
36.6 
64.4 


328. 

18.2 

309.8 


1,659.0 

51.1 

1,607.9 


22.4 


Feces 


11.1 


Amount utilized 




11.3 










Per cent utilized 






63.8 


94.5 


96.9 


50.4 










Average food consumed per subject per day 


1,191.4 


595.9 


32.0 


92.4 


464.4 


6.7 



Summary of digestion experiments with sesame oil in a simple mired dirt. 



Experi- 
ment No. 


Subject. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Ash. 


325 


O. E 
II. F 
D. (i 
R. L 

<>. E 


S 


Per cent. 

68. 4 

55. 5 

56. C 
62. :» 
63. 8 


Per cent. 
95. 3 
93.0 
92.1 
01.3 
94.5 


Percent. 

97.3 
96.5 
94.5 
97.1 
96. <> 


Pir ant. 
61." 


330. . . 


B 


41.4 


3:51.. 


(! 


41.0 


332 


S 


l(i. ti 


333 


S 


mi. i 




A verage 






61.4 


93. 8 


96.5 


4S. 2 









DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 



15 



The results of these tests indicate that sesame oil compares favor- 
ably with the preceding vegetable fats as regards thoroughness of 
digestion. Of the total fat in the diet, 93.8 per cent was available 
while 61.4 and 96.5 per cent of the protein and carbohydrates were 
utilized by the body. The revised value for the digestibility of 
sesame oil alone, allowing for metabolic products, is 98 per cent. 

The amount of sesame oil eaten per subject daily was 90 grams, and 
in one case, experiment No. 333 with subject O. E. S., 106 grams of the 
fat was consumed daily without apparent physiological aversion, 
and when eaten in amounts not exceeding 106 grams daily it appar- 
ently produces no laxative effect. Sesame oil, therefore, may be 
considered a useful food. 

COCOA BUTTER. 

Cocoa butter is obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of 
cocoa from the cocoa bean, the fruit of Theobroma cacao. The product 
is a hard, yellowish fat of the odor of cocoa and has an agreeable taste 
and rather low melting point. Compared with other vegetable fats 
cocoa butter is relatively expensive and for this reason no doubt it 
is little used as such in the preparation of food products, although 
large quantities of cocoa butter are eaten as an intimate constituent 
of chocolate. 

As no noteworthy records of physiological tests of this fat have 
been found in the review of the literature it is hoped that the results 
of these experiments may be of special value. The fat, already used 
in quantity in the making of confectionery, may assume importance 
in other ways when it is possible to have a definite opinion regarding 
the dietetic value of chocolate (retaining the cocoa fat) and cocoa 
(from which fat has been removed). The experimental data are 
recorded in the following table : 

Data of digestion experiments with cocoa butter in a simple mixed diet. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 167, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter. . 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

1,315.0 
497.0 
611.0 
191.0 


Grams. 

594.3 

44.7 

531.0 


Grams. 

23.0 

52.7 

4.9 


Grams. 

180.8 

7.4 

1.2 


Grams. 

511.1 

384.2 

70.9 

191.0 


Grams. 
5.8 
8.0 


Fruit 


3.0 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,614.0 
112.0 


1,170.0 


80.6 
30.2 
50.4 


189.4 

13.3 

176.1 


1,157.2 

57.8 

1,099.4 


16.8 


Feces 


10.7 


Amount utilized 




6.1 










Per cent utilized 






62.5 


93.0 


95.0 


36.3 










Experiment No. 168, subject R. L. S.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,310.0 

291.0 

1,232.0 

63.0 


592.0 

26.2 

1,070.6 


22.9 

30.8 

9.8 


180.1 
4.4 

2.5 


509.2 

224.9 

142.9 

63.0 


5.8 
4.7 


Fruit 


6.2 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,896.0 
84.0 


1,688.8 


63.5 
25.6 
37.9 


187.0 

19.2 

167.8 


940.0 
30.5 
909.5 


16.7 


Feces 


8.7 


Amount utilized 




8.0 










Per cent utilized 






59.7 


89.7 


96.8 


47.9 











16 



BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Data of digestion experiments with cocoa butter in a simple mixed diet — Continued. 




Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 169, subject 0. E. S.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter. . 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 
1,465.0 

83.0 
1,392.0 

68.0 


Grams. 

662.0 

7.5 

1,209.6 


Grams. 

25.6 

8.8 

11.1 


Grams. 

201.4 

1.2 

2.8 


Grams. 
569.5 

64.2 
161.5 

68.0 


Grams. 
6.5 
1.3 


Fruit 


7.0 


Sugar 















Total food consumed 


3,008.0 
68.0 


1,879.1 


45.5 
18.9 
26.6 


205.4 

16.3 

189.1 


863.2 

26.2 

837.0 


14.8 


Feces 


6.6 


Amount utilized 




8.2 










Per cent utilized 






58.5 


92.1 


97.0 


55.4 










Experiment No. 170, subject R. F. T.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter. . 
Wheat biscuit '. 


1,391.0 

71.0 

1,459.0 

141.0 


628.6 

6.4 

1,267.9 


24.3 

7.5 

11.7 


191.3 
1.1 
2.9 


540.7 

54.9 

169.2 

141.0 


6.1 
1.1 


Fruit 


7.3 


Sugar 














•Total food consumed 


3,062.0 
61.0 


1,902.9 


43.5 
13.8 
29.7 


195.3 

11.4 

183.9 


905.8 

29.8 

876. 


14.5 


Feces 


6.0 


Amount utilized 




8.5 










Per cent utilized 






68.3 


94.2 


96.7 


58.6 










Experiment No. 191, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter. . 
Wheat biscuit 


582.0 
509.0 
432.0 
189.0 


261.7 

45.8 

375.4 


10.4 

54.0 

3.4 


80.6 
7.6 
0.9 


225.9 

393.5 

50.1 

189.0 


3.4 

8.1 


Fruit 


2.2 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


1,712.0 
69.0 


682.9 


67.8 
21.6 
46.2 


89.1 

9.4 

79.7 


858.5 

31.2 

827.3 


13.7 


Feces 


6.8 


Amount utilized 




6.9 










Per cent utilized 






68.1 


89.5 


96.4 


50.4 










Experiment No. 192, subject R. L. S.: 

Blancmange containing cocoa butter. . 
Wheat biscuit 


812.0 

564.0 

1,372.0 

123.0 


365.2 

50.7 

1,192.3 


14.5 

59.8 
11.0 


112.4 
8.5 
2.7 


315.1 
436.0 
159.1 
123.0 


4.8 
9.0 


Fruit 


6.9 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,871.0 
114.0 


1,608.2 


85.3 
31.7 
53.6 


123.6 
25.8 
97.8 


1,033.2 

41.5 

991.7 


20.7 


Feces 


15.0 


Amount utilized 




5.7 










Per cent utilized 






62.8 


79.1 


96.0 


27.5 










Experiment No. 193, subject O. E. S.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,230.0 
127.0 

1,482.0 
198.0 


553.1 

11.4 

1,287.9 


22.0 
13.5 
11.8 


170.2 
1.9 
3.0 


477.3 

98.2 

171.9 

198.0 


7.4 
2.0 


Fruit 


7.4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,037.0 
40.0 


1,852.4 


47.3 
11.9 
35.4 


175.1 

7.9 

167.2 


945.4 

15.9 

929.5 


16.8 


Feces 


4.3 


Amount utilized 




12.5 










Per cent utilized 






. 74.8 


95.5 


98.3 


74.4 










Experiment No. 194, subject R. F. T.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


807.0 

93.0 

1,262.0 

163.0 


362.9 

8.4 

1,096.7 


14.4 

9.8 

10.1 


111.7 
1.4 
2.5 


313.2 

71.9 

146.4 

163.0 


4.8 
1 5 


Fruit 


6.3 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,325.0 
36.0 


1,468.0 


34.3 

9 7 

24.6 


115.6 

8.6 

107 


694.5 
13.4 

681. 1 


12. C 


Feces 


4.3 


Amount utilized 




8.3 










Per cent utilized 






71.7 


92.6 


98.1 


65.9 










Experiment No. 235, subject D. G. G.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


1,571.0 
439.0 
337.0 
114.0 


702.4 

39.5 

292.8 


29.0 

46.5 

2.7 


246.2 
6.6 
0.7 


5S2.3 

339.4 

39.1 

114.0 


11.1 
7.0 


Fruit 


1.7 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


2,461.0 
146.0 


1,034.7 


78.2 
34.9 
43.3 


253.5 

33.6 

219.9 


1,074.8 

61. 1 

1,010.7 


19.8 


Feces 


13.4 


Amount utilized 




6.4 










Per cent utilized 






55.4 


86.7 


94.0 


32.3 











DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 17 

Data of digestion experiments ivith cocoa butter in a simple mixed diet — Continued. 





Weight. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 


Experiment No. 236, subject R. L. S.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


Grams. 

2,020.0 

433. 

716.0 

84.0 


Grains. 

903.2 

39.0 

622.2 


Grams. 

37.2 

45.9 

5.7 


Grams. 

316. 5 

6.5 

1.4 


Grams. 

748.8 

334.7 

83.1 

84.0 


Grams. 
14.3 
6.9 


Fruit 


3.6 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


3,253.0 
129.0 


1,564.4 


88.8 
33.5 
55.3 


334. 4 

32.9 
291.5 


1,250.6 

49.5 

1,201.1 


24.8 


Feces 


13.1 


Amount utilized 




11.7 










Per cent utilized 






62.3 


89.9 


96.0 


47.2 










Experiment No. 237, subject 0. E. S.: 
Blancmange containing cocoa butter.. 
Wheat biscuit 


2,649.0 
463.0 

1,2S0.0 
228.0 


1,184.4 

41.7 

1,112.3 


48.7 

49.1 

- 10.2 


415.1 
6.9 
2.6 


982.0 
357.9 
148.5 
228.0 


18.8 
7.4 


Fruit 


6.4 


Sugar 














Total food consumed 


4,620.0 
195.0 


2,338.4 


108.0 
37.7 
70.3 


424.6 

72.6 

352.0 


1,716.4 

70.2 

1,646.2 


32.6 


Feces 


14.5 


Amount utilized 




18.1 










Per cent utilized 






65.1 


82.9 


95.9 


55.5 










Average food consumed per subject per day. 


965.4 


520.9 


22.5 


69.2 


346.6 


6.2 



Summary oj digestion experiments with cocoa butter in a simple mixed diet. 



Experi- 
ment No. 



Subject. 



Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


62.5 


93.0 


95.0 


59.7 


89.7 


96.8 


58.5 


92.1 


97.0 


68.3 


94.2 


96.7 


68.1 


89.5 


96.4 


62.8 


79.1 


96.0 


74.8 


95.5 


98.3 


71.7 


92 6 


98.1 


55.4 


8o.7 


94.0 


62.3 


89.9 


96.0 


65.1 


82.9 


95.9 


64.5 


89.6 


96.4 



Ash. 



167 
168 
169 
170 
191 
192 
193 
194 
235 
236 
237 



D. G. G 

R. L. S 

O.E.S 

R. F. T 

D.G.G 

R. L. S 

O.E.S 

R. F. T 

D.G.G 

R. L. S 

O.E.S...... 

Average 



Per 



cent. 
36.3 
47.9 
55 4 
58.6 
50.4 
27.5 
74.4 
65.9 
32. 3 
47.2 
55.5 



50.1 



On an average the coefficient of digestibility of this fat was low, 
the corrected value being 94.9 per cent. It will be recalled that the 
food (blancmange) used as a vehicle for fat in such experiments as 
this is eaten ad libitum from a weighed amount, provided the amount 
being such that the subjects would naturally be inclined to eat a 
quantity which would supply in the neighborhood of 100 grams of 
fat per day. The fat-carrying blancmange was evidently not relished 
in this test as it was in the others here reported, for the amount 
eaten was only enough to supply 51 grams of cocoa fat per man per 
day during the first eight experiments. This quantity did not cause 
any decided digestive disturbance so far as was noted. The subjects 
reported a "loss of appetite," but in all other respects considered 
that their physical condition had been normal. In later tests, ex- 
periments Nos. 235 to 237, the subjects were urged to eat more of 



18 BULLETIN 505, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

the blancmange containing the cocoa butter. As a result of eating 
the larger quantities, an average of 109 grams per day (82 grams for 
D. G. G., 106 grams for R. L. S., and 138 grams for O. E. S.) ; undesir- 
able physiological derangements were experienced. The effects were 
so pronounced that subject D. G. G. discontinued the diet at the end 
of the seventh meal, but subjects R. L. S. and O. E. S. completed 
the full nine-meal period. "Loss of appetite," " headache/' "loss of 
ambition/' "nausea," and "sleeplessness" were the conditions 
reported, which indicate that cocoa butter in quantity had an effect 
not noted of the other vegetable fats studied. Though the exact 
limit of tolerance has not been determined, to judge by the experi- 
ments made in this laboratory, the maximum amount of cocoa butter 
that can be consumed daily without decidedly unpleasant effects lies 
between 51 grams and 109 grams. 

The digestibility of the carbohydrate, 96.4 per cent, and of the 
protein, 64.5 per cent, agrees fairly closely with the average availa- 
bility of these constituents, and would seem to be uninfluenced by 
the digestibility of the fat. 

It will be noted on reference to the table that the feces contained 
comparatively large quantities of fat during the last three experi- 
ments. In experiment No. 237 as much as 37 per cent of the weight 
of the air-dried feces was fat, and an odor suggesting that of cocoa 
butter could be clearly detected. In view of the unsatisfactory utili- 
zation of this fat and the accompanying physiological disturbances, 
the continued daily use of cocoa butter in large amounts would 
appear questionable, and, as a matter of fact, it does not seem to be 

so used. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

(1) With allowance for metabolic products, the coefficients of 
digestibility have been found to be for olive oil, 97.8; for cottonseed 
oil, 97.8; for peanut oil, 98.3; for coconut oil, 97.9; for sesame oil, 
98; and for cocoa butter, 94.9 per cent, These values indicate that 
the vegetable fats studied, with the exception of cocoa butter, have 
for all practical purposes the same digestibility and are utilized as 
completely as the animal fats. 

(2) The melting points of these fats are considerably lower than 
body temperature (37° C.) and in accordance with the theory that 
fats of low melting points are more thoroughly digested than the 
harder fats, it has been found that the vegetable fats studied, with the 
exception of cocoa butter, are utilized practically completely by the 
body. 

(3) The average amounts of fat eaten per subject daily were 73 
grams of olive, 86 grams of cotton seed, 98 grams of peanut, 64 grams 
of coconut, and 90 grams of sesame oils. Moreover, as much as 103, 
125, 113, 131, and 106 grams of these fats, respectively, were ealon 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME VEGETABLE FATS. 19 

by one of the subjects for a 3-day period without any physiological 
disturbance. In the first eight experiments with cocoa butter, in 
which an average of only 51 grams of this fat was eaten daily, no 
abnormal conditions were noted and the apparent digestibility of fat 
was 90.7 per cent. In those experiments, however, in which 82 to 
138 grams of cocoa butter were consumed daily and 86.5 per cent 
utilized, a decided laxative effect was noted. Accordingly, it may be 
concluded that the limit of tolerance is less for cocoa butter than for 
the other fats studied. 

(4) The evidence collected in these experiments affords additional 
proof that the digestibility of protein and carbohydrate contained in 
the different fat diets was not materially affected by the nature of the 
fat or by the amount eaten. 

(5) The total energy values (heats of combustion) of the material 
consumed on the average per man per day were 2,700 calories for olive 
oil, 2,955 calories for cottonseed oil, 2,290 calories for peanut oil, 2,305 
calories for coconut oil, 2,975 calories for sesame oil, and 2,215 calories 
for cocoa butter. While no attention was given to the energy value of 
these diets, it is interesting to note that the amount of food consumed 
contained sufficient energy value except for those engaged in muscular 
activities. The percentage of energy actually available to the body 
was 93.9 for olive oil, 93.4 for cottonseed oil, 93.9 for peanut oil, 93.1 
for coconut oil, 92.8 for sesame oil, and 91.9 for cocoa butter. These 
values imply, on comparison with the percentage of energy available 
from the ordinary mixed diet, which is 91 per cent, 1 that normal con- 
ditions existed during the digestion experiments and that protein, 
fat, and carbohydrates were as thoroughly digested as is usually the 
case. 

(6) Judging from the results of the investigation as a whole, it is 
reasonable to conclude that olive, cottonseed, peanut, coconut, and 
sesame oils are very completely and readily available to the body and 
that they may, like the animal fats, be satisfactorily used for food 
purposes. 

i U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 136 (1903), p. 113. 



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